The Four Foundation Health Measures That Serve As An...

1. According to the â€Å"About Healthy People† section, what are the four foundation health measures that will serve as an indicator of progress towards achieving the goals of HP? (4 points) The four foundation health measures that serve as an indicator of progress towards achieving these goals: †¢ General Health Status †¢ Health-Related Quality of Life and well-being †¢ Determinants of health †¢ Disparities 2. Look under the 2020 Topics and Objectives tab and click on Social Determinants of Health. List the five key areas of the social determinants of health (this is not the same as the Determinants of Health from question 1) and give one example of a critical component/key issue for each one. (10 points) The Five key areas (determinants) include: †¢ Economic Stability - Poverty †¢ Education - High school Graduation †¢ Social and Community Context - Social Cohesion †¢ Health and Health Care - Access to health care †¢ Neighborhood and Built Environment - Access to Healthy foods 3. There are certain at-risk populations that HP2020 addresses specifically. Review the information for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health under the 2020 Topics and Objectives tab. Make sure to read about the need to collect information through survey research and the health disparities faced by this group. Now, list three efforts to address health disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals (3 points), and explain how they relate to the LGBT health disparities that areShow MoreRelatedHp Transformation Leadership21564 Words   |  87 PagesTRANSFORMATION Leadership at HP | Under supervision of DR. Ahmed Farouk | | This report will present transformation process of hp corp. 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The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitious nonprofit organization in the health care sectorRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesMANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility Transfer Pricing 3 15 28 42 57 71 87 PART II: MANAGEMENT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 StrategicRead MoreH2O Can Expand Operations from Germany Into the Us30890 Words   |  124 Pagesexpatriate need to include various special provisions that can make the total compensation package much higher than a typical United States employee. 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Race, Racial, And Racial Discrimination - 863 Words

In this day in age Racial stereotypes appear to be as rampant as they were in the early 200s. The discussion and debate about race can be a sensitive and difficult subject for most individuals. Living in America is tough as it is with all of the crisis’s and chaos taking place left and right. That matter of race is a crisis of its own so to speak. One cannot express themselves completely to the extent of his or her liking without being judged, labeled or categorized. America has a very diverse and mixed population and there are six racial ethic and racial categories. African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, Hispanic, Latinos who are not Hispanic, and pacific islander. In the United States the 90s was an extremely difficult time for Blacks and Hispanics. Despite several accomplishments and advances made by the African American People they were still looked down upon. Many 90s and 200s television shows, music videos and movies ignited several stereotypes within America, especially comedic acts and movies. Even though the shows were created for entertainment many individuals begin to think that this was indeed the way a race generally acted. African Americans were portrayed as violent, dangerous and hot tempered, especially African American males due to the fact that there were so many gangster activities taken place within a movie he starred in. To clarify gangster activities, you see the actor shooting or robbing others in the movie, or viciously beating someone in relation toShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against Race And Racial Discrimination786 Words   |  4 Pages One of the biggest issue in the world is discrimination against race. The definition of discrimination is separating individuals by gender, language, and race. Discrimination is one of the main reason why the world is divided in some area. Discrimination has been spreading fro m generation to generation. However, some people have been trying to avoid discrimination, but discrimination has been existed since the 1400s. Discrimination against race has infected individuals personal growth in religionRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against A Race1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe persons that practice racism are a set group in our society and their prejudice usually arises from ignorance to a lack of understanding. Racial discrimination against a race still existed for centuries. Racism is an historical stratification process by which the population of European descent, through its individual and institutional distress patterns, intentionally has been able to sustain, to its own best advantages such as power and financial advantages. The dynamic mechanics of upward orRead MoreRace And Racial Relations : Racial Discrimination, Profiling, Criminalization, And Neighborhood Context Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesRace and racial relations have been a historic battle i n our society. Although racial relations have greatly improved within the last century, or even the last sixty years, racial perceptions still persist. These perceptions can be seen in several forms across society varying in intensity, policy and practice on an institutional level as well as an individual level. While racial relations can be taken positively in the form of equality, or negatively as segregation and prejudice rise between racialRead MoreRace And Health Inequality In America. . Racial Discrimination1580 Words   |  7 PagesRace and Health Inequality in America Racial discrimination by doctors According to Golash-Boza (2016), the systemic racism or the accumulated disadvantages for non-whites are also reflected in in the areas of health and environment. Golash-Boza (2016) argues that racial inequalities diminish not only he opportunities for non-whites but also â€Å"our time on earth†. This can have an effect on the health and life expectancy. It is interesting to look at why blacks have a lower life expectancy thanRead MoreWhy Texas Race Racial Discrimination Is Because Of The Size Of Its Population Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesLatino (38.6%). The percentage of foreign born persons living in Texas in 2014 now hovered around 16.8 percent (4.5 million), of which 70 percent from Latin America and 20 percent from Asia. One of the partial reasons why Texas dominating racial discrimination is because of the size of its population. 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Now people can be discriminated against because of their race, religion, or any other numerous things. Also, discrimination can occur during the job interview or even after you got the job. This paper will shoe the effects of racial discrimination andRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actions based on race or skin color. Racial discrimination canRead MoreRacial I nequality919 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is racial inequality? Racial inequality is discrepancies in the opportunities and treatment of people based solely on their race. Racial inequality is a serious issue that is often discussed in the American criminal justice system. Although racial discrimination is present in the criminal justice system, some people use the words inequality, discrimination, racism, and profiling loosely and do not understand how truly complex it is to prove that there actually is racial inequality present in

International Monetary System Free Essays

International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. They provide means of payment acceptable between buyers and sellers of different nationality, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. We will write a custom essay sample on International Monetary System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The systems can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic actors spread over several decades. Alternatively, they can arise from a single architectural vision as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944. Historical overview Throughout history, precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade, termed bullion, and since early history the coins of various issuers – generally kingdoms and empires – have been traded. The earliest known records of pre – coinage use of bullion for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt, dating from the third millennium BC. 1] Its believed that at this time money played a relatively minor role in the ordering of economic life for these regions, compared to barter and centralised redistribution – a process where the population surrendered their produce to ruling authorities who then redistrubted it as they saw fit. Coinage is believed to have first developed in China in the late 7th century, and independently at around the same time in Lydia, Asia minor, from where its use spread to near by Greek cities and later to the rest of the world. 1] Sometimes formal monetary systems have been imposed by regional rules. For example scholars have tentatively suggested that the ruler Servius Tullius created a primitive monetary system in the archaic period of what was to become the Roman Republic. Tullius reigned in the sixth century BC – several centuries before Rome is believed to have developed a formal coinage system. [2] As with bullion, early use of coinage is believed to have been generally the preserve of the elite. But by about the 4th century they were widely used in Greek cities. Coins were generally supported by the city state authorities, who endeavoured to ensure they retained their values regardless of fluctuations in the availability of whatever base precious metals they were made from. [1] From Greece the use of coins spread slowly westwards throughout Europe, and eastwards to India. Coins were in use in India from about 400BC, initially they played a greater role in religion than trade, but by the 2nd century had become central to commercial transactions. Monetary systems developed in India were so successful they continued to spread through parts of Asia well into the Middle Ages. [1] As multiple coins became common within a region, they have been exchanged by moneychangers, which are the predecessors of today’s foreign exchange market. These are famously discussed in the Biblical story of Jesus and the money changers. In Venice and the Italian city states of the early Middle Ages, money changes would often have to struggle to perform calculations involving six or more currencies. This partly let to Fibonacci writing his Liber Abaci where he popularised the use of Arabic numerals which displaced the more difficult roman numerals then in use by western merchants. [3] Historic international currencies. From top left: crystalline gold, a 5th century BCE Persian daric, an 8th century English mancus, and an 18th century Spanish real. When a given nation or empire has achieved regional hegemony, its currency has been a basis for international trade, and hence for a de facto monetary system. In the West – Europe and the Middle East – an early such coin was the Persian daric, of the Persian empire. This was succeeded by Roman currency of the Roman empire, such as the denarius, then the Gold Dinar of the Muslim empire, and later – from the 16th to 20th centuries, during the Age of Imperialism – by the currency of European colonial powers: the Spanish dollar, the Dutch Gilder, the French Franc and the British Pound Sterling; at times one currency has been pre-eminent, at times no one dominated. With the growth of American power, the US Dollar became the basis for the international monetary system, formalized in the Bretton Woods agreement that established the post-World War II monetary order, with fixed exchange rates of currencies to the dollar, and convertibility of the dollar into gold. Since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system, culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971, ending convertibility, the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system, though no longer de jure, with various European currencies and the Japanese Yen being used. Since the formation of the Euro, the Euro has gained use as a reserve currency and a unit of transactions, though the dollar has remained the primary currency. A dominant currency may be used directly or indirectly by other nations – for example, English kings minted gold mancus, presumably to function as dinars to exchange with Islamic Spain, and more recently, a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency, a custom called dollarization. Until the 19th century, the global monetary system was loosely linked at best, with Europe, the Americas, India and China (among others) having largely separate economies, and hence monetary systems were regional. European colonization of the Americas, starting with the Spanish empire, led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems, and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies, notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century, succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century. Some, such as Michael Hudson, foresee the decline of a single basis for the global monetary system, and instead the emergence of regional trade blocs, citing the emergence of the Euro as an example of this phenomenon. See also Global financial systems , world-systems approach and polarity in international relations. It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged, based on the gold standard. History of modern global monetary orders The pre WWI financial order: 1870–1914  From the 1870s to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well integrated financial order, sometimes known as the First age of Globalisation. [4] [5] Money unions were operating which effectively allowed members to accept each others currency as legal tender including the Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, France) and Scandinavian monetary union (Denmark, Norway and Sweden). In the absence of shared membership of a union, transactions were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold standard, by both independent nations and their colonies. Great Britain was at the time the world’s pre-eminent financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since. [6] While capital controls comparable to the Bretton Woods System were not in place, damaging capital flows were far less common than they were to be in the post 1971 era. In fact Great Britain’s capital exports helped to correct global imbalances as they tended to be counter cyclical, rising when Britain’s economy went into recession, thus compensating other states for income lost from export of goods. Accordingly, this era saw mostly steady growth and a relatively low level of financial crises. In contrast to the Bretton Woods system, the pre-World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps. The Gilded Age, a time of especially rapid development in North America, falls into this period. Between the World Wars: 1919–1939 The years between the world wars have been described as a period of de-globalisation, as both international trade and capital flows shrank compared to the period before World War I. During World War I countries had abandoned the gold standard and, except for the United States, returned to it only briefly. By the early 30’s the prevailing order was essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange rates . [8] In this era, the experience of Great Britain and others was that the gold standard ran counter to the need to retain domestic policy autonomy. To protect their reserves of gold countries would sometimes need to raise interest rates and generally follow a deflationary policy. The greatest need for this could arise in a downturn, just when leaders would have preferred to lower rates to encourage growth. Economist Nicholas Davenport [9] had even argued that the wish to return Britain to the gold standard, â€Å"sprang from a sadistic desire by the Bankers to inflict pain on the British working class. † By the end of World War I, Great Britain was heavily indebted to the United States, allowing the USA to largely displace her as the worlds number one financial power. The United States however was reluctant to assume Great Britain’s leadership role, partly due to isolationist influences and a focus on domestic concerns. In contrast to Great Britain in the previous era, capital exports from the US were not counter cyclical. They expanded rapidly with the United States’s economic growth in the twenties up to 1928, but then almost completely halted as the US economy began slowing in that year. As the Great Depression intensified in 1930, financial institutions were hit hard along with trade; in 1930 alone 1345 US banks collapsed. During the 1930s the United States raised trade barriers, refused to act as an international lender of last resort, and refused calls to cancel war debts, all of which further aggravated economic hardship for other countries. According to economist John Maynard Keynes another factor contributing to the turbulent economic performance of this era was the insistence of French premier Clemenceau that Germany pay war reparations at too high a level, which Keynes described in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace. The Bretton Woods Era: 1945–1971 British and American policy makers began to plan the post war international monetary system in the early 1940s. The objective was to create an order that combined the benefits of an integrated and relatively liberal international system with the freedom for governments to pursue domestic policies aimed at promoting full employment and social wellbeing . 11] The principal architects of the new system, John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White, created a plan which was endorsed by the 42 countries attending the 1944 Bretton Woods conference. The plan involved nations agreeing to a system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates where the currencies were pegged against the dollar, with the dollar itself convertible into gold. So in effect this was a gold – dollar exchange standard. There were a number of improvements on the old gold standard. Two international institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created; A key part of their function was to replace private finance as more reliable source of lending for investment projects in developing states. At the time the soon to be defeated powers of Germany and Japan were envisaged as states soon to be in need of such development, and there was a desire from both the US and Britain not to see the defeated powers saddled with punitive sanctions that would inflict lasting pain on future generations. The new exchange rate system allowed countries facing economic hardship to devalue their currencies by up to 10% against the dollar (more if approved by the IMF) – thus they would not be forced to undergo deflation to stay in the gold standard. A system of capital controls was introduced to protect countries from the damaging effects of capital flight and to allow countries to pursue independent macro economic policies [12] while still welcoming flows intended for productive investment. Keynes had argued against the dollar having such a central role in the monetary system, and suggested an international currency called Bancor be used instead, but he was overruled by the Americans. Towards the end of the Bretton Woods era, the central role of the dollar became a problem as international demand eventually forced the US to run a persistent trade deficit, which undermined confidence in the dollar. This, together with the emergence of a parallel market for gold where the price soared above the official US mandated price, led to speculators running down the US gold reserves. Even when convertibility was restricted to nations only, some, notably France,[13] continued building up hoards of gold at the expense of the US. Eventually these pressures caused President Nixon to end all convertibility into gold on 15 August 1971. This event marked the effective end of the Bretton Woods systems; attempts were made to find other mechanisms to preserve the fixed exchange rates over the next few years, but they were not successful, resulting in a system of floating exchange rates. 13] The post Bretton Woods system: 1971 – present An alternative name for the post Bretton Woods system is the Washington Consensus. While the name was coined in 1989, the associated economic system came into effect years earlier: according to economic historian Lord Skidelsky the Washington Consensus is generally seen as spanning 1980–2009 (the latter half of the 1970s being a transitional period). [14] The transition away from Bretton Woods was marked by a switch from a state led to a market led system. 4] The Bretton Wood system is considered by economic historians to have broken down in the 1970s:[14] crucial events being Nixon suspending the dollar’s convertibility into gold in 1971, the United states abandonment of Capital Controls in 1974, and Great Britain’s ending of capital controls in 1979 which was swiftly copied by most other major economies. In some parts of the developing world, liberalisation brought significant benefits for large sections of the population – most prominently with Deng Xiaoping’s reforms in China since 1978 and the liberalisation of India after her 1991 crisis. Generally the industrial nations experienced much slower growth and higher unemployment than in the previous era, and according to Professor Gordon Fletcher in retrospect the 1950s and 60s when the Bretton Woods system was operating came to be seen as a golden age. [15] Financial crises have been more intense and have increased in frequency by about 300% – with the damaging effects prior to 2008 being chiefly felt in the emerging economies. On the positive side, at least until 2008 investors have frequently achieved very high rates of return, with salaries and bonuses in the financial sector reaching record levels. The â€Å"Revived Bretton Woods system† identified in 2003 From 2003, economists such as Michael P. Dooley, Peter M. Garber, and David Folkerts-Landau began writing papers[16] describing the emergence of a new international system involving an interdependency between states with generally high savings in Asia lending and exporting to western states with generally high spending. Similar to the original Bretton Woods, this included Asian currencies being pegged to the dollar, though this time by the unilateral intervention of Asian governments in the currency market to stop their currencies appreciating. The developing world as a whole stopped running current account deficits in 1999 [17] – widely seen as a response to unsympathetic treatment following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The most striking example of east-west interdependency is the relationship between China and America, which Niall Ferguson calls Chimerica. From 2004, Dooley et al. began using the term Bretton Woods II to describe this de facto state of affairs, and continue to do so as late as 2009. Others have described this supposed â€Å"Bretton Woods II†, sometimes called â€Å"New Bretton Woods†,[19] as a â€Å"fiction†, and called for the elimination of the structural imbalances that underlie it, viz, the chronic US current account deficit. [20] However since at least 2007 those authors have also used the term â€Å"Bretton Woods II† to call for a new de jure system: for key international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank to be revamped to meet the demands of the current age,[21] and between 2008 to mid 2009 the terms Bretton Woods II and New Bretton Woods was increasingly used in the latter sense. By late 2009, with less emphases on structural reform to the international monetary system and more attention being paid to issues such as re-balancing the world economy, Bretton Woods II is again frequently used to refer to the practice some countries have of unilaterally pegging their currencies to the dollar. How to cite International Monetary System, Essay examples

Accounting and Financial Reporting Case Study on Grandmas Kitchen

Question: Discuss about the Accounting and Financial Reporting for Case Study on Grandmas Kitchen. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this assignment is to bring out issues relating to case study on Grandmas Kitchen. It aims at developing various research and communication strategies in case of provision in an overall manner (Wahlen et al. 2011). It should provide adequate professional advice to clients in the near future. Graduate accountant working for Cameron and Associates involves in public accounting firm. As far as Grandmas Kitchen is concerned, it resolves issues in business operations in the most appropriate way. It requires managers for involving in taking decisions as far as possible. It should draft letter in indicating issues in an effective manner. John Evans is the manager of firm as well as following up mail as per professional clients (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). Issue 1 In accordance with case study on Grandmas Kitchens Ltd, it raises issues by Board of Directors. It requires urgent attention as and by financial accountants for the same (Ryan 2012). This issue on Grandmas Kitchens Ltd relates in providing products to customers on whole basis. It gives credit facilities in recording sales receipt of money for future analysis purpose. It affects the relation with customers in consistent attitude in business operations in the most appropriate way. Finance Director should address with changed accounts in case of sales revenue i form of future accounting treatment of Grandmas Kitchens Ltd (Revsine 2012). Business Letter To, Peter Kitchener, Managing Director, Grandmas Kitchens Ltd Subject: Problem Relating Sales Treatment and Sales Invoices Respected Sir, I would like to address certain issues faced by Grandmas Kitchens Ltd and with proper justification for the same. It is important to understand the fact that sales treatment based upon receipt in various books of accounts. It includes revenue in gross inflow based upon economic benefits in particular period for proper course of action (Mackenzie et al. 2012). Grandmas Kitchens Ltd need to adopt sales revenue treatment in equity valuation by equity participants in an overall manner. Grandmas Kitchens Ltd ensures rendering credit facilities by the existing customer on wholesale basis in recording books of accounts (Mackenzie 2011). It helps in preparing financial statement for specified time. Treatment in Credit Sale Entry Receivable Account Debit To Sales revenue Credit It involves sales revenue in the income statement accounts. As far as payment receivable is concerned, it balances with receivable balances reduces to nil (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). Cash Account Debit To Receivable Account Credit Grandmas Kitchens Ltd involves in identification of sales occurrence in case of future accounting treatment in the near future (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It helps in recognizing ways for dispatching goods to the customers in the most appropriate way. It requires accounts receivable in payment receivable in accordance with good acquisition. Sale of goods of Grandmas Kitchens Ltd generates risks and reward in acquisition of assets in proper ways. It reveals case relating assets of Grandmas Kitchens Ltd (Leung 2011). It revolves sales recognition for future analysis purpose. It needs recording of income based on accrual accounting in the most appropriate way. It engages in sales results in case of increased income and assets for proper course of action (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It is noticed crediting asset income for future analysis purpose. It involves in sales revenue in dealing with gross inflow of economic benefits as far as possible. It reveals ways for netting expenses e specially by Grandmas Kitchens Ltd (Horngren 2013). It is noticed that sales generation revolves around ordinary course of business analysis in the near future. Income generation reveals around understanding business operations in an effective way (Elliott and Elliott 2011). I believe that the above solution benefits smooth functioning of Grandmas Kitchens Ltd in the near future. From, John (Graduate Accountant) Issue 2 The case involves issues on Jonny Appleton that acts as manufacturing design in machinery in an overall manner. It desires using holding fresh in case of picking plant in the most appropriate way. Plants manufacturers include in-cost and additional materials for future analysis purpose (Harrison 2011). It needs to decide on goodwill treatment at fair values in accounting transactions in the most appropriate way. It includes additional materials in case of purchasing of machine around $80000. It indulges in making correction by engineer in proper ways. It uses fair value method for Granny Jam and Martha (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). Business Letter To, Jonny Appleton, Manufacturing engineer Subject: Problem Relating Goodwill Treatment Respected Sir, I would like to address certain issues faced by manufacturing field and with proper justification for the same. It is important to solve the above issue faced by Jonny Appleton for goodwill treatment in an overall manner. It indicates asset side of balance sheet in case of business enterprise. It needs estimation of useful like of assets in determining written off values for future analysis purpose (Elliott and Elliott 2011). It needs conduction of estimating life of assets as stated in the profit and loss statement. It ensures treating assets amortization in case of future accounting treatment as far as possible. It involves writing off expenses in the profit and loss statement as per the accounting period in form of accounting acquisition in an overall manner. Jonny Appleton needs to record goodwill and paying off money matters. Accounting Standard 10 reveals ways for dealing fixed assets for acquisition in the near future (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer 2011). Business entity needs to involve in acquisition by Jonny Appleton in paying prices in the most appropriate way. It involves in exceeding with price in valuation for net assets and difference in goodwill purchasing for proper course of action. It is one of the tangible assets involving in acquisition in case of building reputation for specified period (Chand and Patel 2011). It designs ways for increased values in case of business combination in an effective way. It requires dealing with purchase price and book values in acquisition of fixed assets for future analysis purpose. Jonny Appleton aims at collecting information in case of viewing at foreseeable life of business and industry in an overall manner (Bonham 2011). It requires products obsolescence that brings demand changes and other related economic factors in the near future. It ensures service life expectancies for key individuals in group of employees in proper course of action. It ensures legal, contractual and related regulatory attributes in case useful life of assets accounting treatment in an effective way (Alexander, Britton and Jorissen 2011). I believe that the above solution benefits smooth functioning of organization in the near future. From, John (Graduate Accountant) Issue 3 Issues related with doubtful debts calculation in the most appropriate way. It specifies date as per 30th June, 2014 as an accounting clerk. It generally undertakes big error for calculation on provision of doubtful debts in excel sheet. It ensures allowing 2% revenues for accounting policies in proper course of action (Albrecht, Stice and Stice 2011). It relates with sales revenue treatment in accordance with current financial statements in an overall manner. Board requires justification on Charade problem. It depicts 5% revenues in case of accounting treatment in the near future. Business Letter To, Elizabeth, Subject: Problem Relating Allowance of Doubtful Debts Respected Sir, I would like to address certain issues faced by organization and with proper justification for the same. The above problem reveals facts on allowance of doubtful accounts in the near future. It deals with reduced amount of accounts receivable in case of balance sheet figures accounts for future analysis purpose (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). It list down the deductions in case of accounts receivable line item in indulging in proper course of action. It needs deductions from assets account contra classification for proper course of action. It gives rise to allowance of doubtful accounts for representing ways for estimating management practices. It reflects subsequent experiences in accordance with estimated methodology in an effective way. It indulges ways in cash reserves for gaining actual results (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It is necessary to undertake techniques for solving the issues as far as possible. It needs estimation on doubtful accounts allowance in the most appropriate way. Risk clarification engages in assigning ways for risk score and higher risk allocation at default. High scoring risk involves in treatment provision for doubtful debts for future analysis purpose. It ensures measuring at historical percentages for accounts receivable for the same. It indulges in past bas debts as well as related percentages for small balances (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). In case of Pareto analysis, it engages in large accounts receivable for indulging in 80% total receivable as far as possible. Most of the companies use accrual-based accounting in recording of allowances in doubtful debts in the near future. It needs to record bad debt expenses for various sale activities in case of future accounting treatment (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It requires comparison with future bad debts for maintain ing accuracy level for future business activities. It engages in providing ways in case of allowance of doubtful debts for the same. It requires comparison with total amount in accounts receivable. It is overdue in terms of month-end closing balances in an overall manner. It ensures forecasting debt activities for future analysis purpose (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). I believe that the above solution benefits smooth functioning of company in the near future. From, John (Graduate Accountant) Conclusion At the end of the study, it reveals facts on Grandma Kitchen case study. Grandmas Kitchens Ltd revolves in facing issues relating with sales revenue transactions, treatment of goodwill and doubtful debts allowance in the near future. Issues need proper identification with justified solution in proper course of action. Accounting treatment reveals importance in final decision-making process in the most appropriate way. It is required in understanding the directors issues raised as per financial statements for the same. It needs to follow with accounting standards in accordance with acquisition of assets for future analysis purpose. Reference List Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2011).Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Alexander, D., Britton, A. and Jorissen, A. (2011).International financial reporting and analysis. Andover: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Bonham, M. (2011).International GAAP 2011. 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